Switching power supply using an input DC power supply

ABSTRACT

A switching power supply uses zero-current and zero-voltage switching to reduce switching noise. A main switch and an auxiliary switch channel current and voltage between various component paths to maintain a DC output voltage while switching at zero-current or zero-voltage states. Switch ON-OFF time ratios are controlled with a simple scheme to improve the circuit power factor. The switching rate is set to arbitrary frequencies, with switch ON time and OFF time being controlled independently. Losses in efficiency when driving a load substantially less than the rated load are avoided. The switches and control functions can be implemented on an integrated circuit.

This application is a division of pending application Ser. No. 09/204,456 filed Dec. 3, 1998.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a switching power supply that delivers electric power from a DC power supply to a DC load via a transformer.

Referring to FIG. 19, a conventional fly-back-type switching power supply includes a bridge rectifier Rec that rectifies an AC input and produces pulsating DC power. The pulsating DC power passes through an input reactor L1 and a series diode D4 to a primary winding N1 of a transformer Tr. A switch Q1 is connected in series with primary winding N1. The series combination including input reactor L1, switch Q1 and primary winding N1 is connected in parallel with bridge rectifier Rec. A capacitor C1, preferably an electrolytic capacitor, is connected in parallel with the series combination of primary winding N1 and switch Q1. A snubber capacitor Cs is connected in parallel with switch Q1. A switch Q3 is connected between the output of input reactor L1 and a common connection of bridge rectifier Rec.

When switch Q1 is ON, energy is stored in primary winding N1. When switch Q1 is OFF, stored energy is released through a secondary winding N2. The output voltage is regulated by controlling the ON and OFF times of switch Q1.

In the circuit of FIG. 19, so-called soft switching (zero voltage switching), causes switch Q1 to switch ON when the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs is at its lowest value. This is accomplished by selecting values of the leakage inductance of primary winding N1 and the capacitance of snubber capacitor Cs so that these elements resonate at the switching speed. Soft switching reduces power loss and improves noise suppression.

Switch Q3 is switched ON to produce input current flow through input reactor L1. The input current flow improves the power-factor of the circuit. When switch Q3 is switched ON, energy stored in the input reactor L1 is fed to electrolytic-type capacitor C1. Switching switch Q3 ON and OFF improves the power-factor even when the input voltage is low, since input current flows whenever the switching power supply is operating.

The OFF-period of switch Q1 is set to a length of time determined by the resonant frequency of the series combination of the leakage inductance of primary winding N1 and snubber capacitor Cs. The OFF-period of switch Q1 must be related to the resonant frequency to produce soft switching in the switching power supply of FIG. 19. In contrast, the output voltage is regulated only by the ON-period of switch Q1. Since the ON-period and the OFF-period of switch Q1 are governed by different criteria, the switching frequency of switch Q1 must therefore vary to regulate the output voltage while maintaining soft switching.

Switching power supplies used in television sets and display devices have switching frequencies that are generally synchronized with the deflection frequency. Therefore, a conventional switching power supply that depends on its switching frequency to regulate output voltage is not useful in such variable frequency applications.

The use of two separate switches Q1, Q3 for voltage regulation and power-factor improvement respectively, increases the noise level of the resulting output of the switching power supply. In addition, diode D4 in series with switch Q1 causes a voltage drop when current flows and decreases the switching power supply efficiency.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply which overcomes the above-described drawbacks ofthe prior art.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply that facilitates soft switching at arbitrary frequencies.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply with an improved power factor using a simplified scheme.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply that takes advantage of soft switching.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply that facilitates switching at arbitrary frequencies, takes advantage of soft switching and obtains an improved power factor using a simplified scheme.

It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply that has an improved efficiency when driving loads substantially lighter than a rated load.

It is a yet further object of the present invention to provide a switching power supply with switches and control circuits that are integrated into a single integrated circuit.

Briefly stated, the present invention provides a switching power supply that uses zero-current and zero-voltage switching to reduce switching noise. A main switch and an auxiliary switch channel current and voltage between various component paths to maintain a DC output voltage while switching in zero-current or zero-voltage states. Switch ON-OFF time ratios are controlled with a simple scheme to improve the circuit power factor. The switching rate is set to arbitrary frequencies, with switch ON time and OFF time being controlled independently. Conventional losses in efficiency when driving a load substantially less than the rated load are avoided. The switches and control functions can be implemented on an integrated circuit, reducing size and improving efficiency. Thus a flexible, simple design improves efficiency while reducing noise and manufacturing costs.

According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a DC power supply; a transformer connected to the DC power supply, the transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding; a rectifying and smoothing circuit connected to the secondary winding of the transformer; an input reactor; a main semiconductor switch connected in series to the primary winding; a first diode connected in opposite parallel to the main semiconductor switch; a snubber capacitor connected in parallel with the main semiconductor switch; a series circuit for discharging the electric charge of the snubber capacitor, the series circuit including a resonance reactor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch; a second diode connected in opposite parallel to the auxiliary semiconductor switch; and a capacitor connected in parallel to the primary winding.

Advantageously, the series circuit further includes a resonance capacitor. Advantageously, the switching power supply further including a tertiary winding interposed between the primary winding of the transformer and the main semiconductor switch; and a third diode connected between the auxiliary semiconductor switch and the connection point of the primary winding and the tertiary winding, the third diode connecting the capacitor in parallel to the primary winding.

Advantageously, the switching power supply including a reactor interposed between the primary winding of the transformer and the main semiconductor switch; and a third diode connected between the auxiliary semiconductor switch and the connection point of the primary winding and the reactor, the third diode connecting the capacitor in parallel to the primary winding.

According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a DC power supply; a transformer connected to the DC power supply, the transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding; a rectifying and smoothing circuit connected to the secondary winding of the transformer; an input reactor; a main semiconductor switch connected in series to the primary winding; a first diode connected in opposite parallel to the main semiconductor switch; a snubber capacitor connected in parallel to the main semiconductor switch; a series circuit for discharging the electric charges of the snubber capacitor, the series circuit including a resonance capacitor, a resonance reactor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch; and a second diode connected in opposite parallel to the auxiliary semiconductor switch.

Advantageously, the transformer further includes a quaternary winding substituting for the input reactor.

According to a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a DC power supply; a transformer connected to the DC power supply, the transformer including a primary winding and a secondary winding; a rectifying and smoothing circuit connected to the secondary winding of the transformer; an input reactor; a main semiconductor switch connected in series to the primary winding; a first diode connected in opposite parallel to the main semiconductor switch; a series circuit including a capacitor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch, the series circuit connected in parallel to the primary winding and the main semiconductor switch; a second diode connected in opposite parallel to the auxiliary semiconductor switch; and a third diode connected between the auxiliary semiconductor switch and the connection point of the primary winding and the main semiconductor switch.

Advantageously, the transformer further includes a tertiary winding substituting for the input reactor.

Advantageously, the transformer further includes a tertiary winding interposed between the capacitor and the auxiliary switch of the series circuit, the tertiary winding substituting for the input reactor.

According to a fourth aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a rectifier for converting an AC voltage to a DC voltage; a transformer, the transformer including a primary winding, a secondary winding and a tertiary winding; a semiconductor switch connected in series to the primary winding; the semiconductor switch and the primary winding constituting a first series circuit; the rectifier being connected in parallel to the first series circuit; an electrolytic capacitor connected in parallel to the first series circuit; a smoothing and rectifying circuit connected to the secondary winding to deliver DC electric power to a load by the switching-on and -off of the semiconductor switch; and a reverse-recovery diode connected in series to the tertiary winding; the reverse-recovery diode and the tertiary winding constituting a second series circuit connected to the connection point of the rectifier and the electrolytic capacitor.

By the configuration described above, a voltage is generated across the tertiary winding in opposite polarity to the reverse-recovery diode when the semiconductor switch is switched on. The voltage makes the reverse-recovery diode recover reversely. The reverse-recovery diode then interrupts the current. Since the conventional low-speed diodes are satisfactorily employable in the rectifier, the manufacturing costs of the switching power supply are reduced.

According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a rectifier for converting an AC voltage to a DC voltage; a transformer including a primary winding, a secondary winding, a tertiary winding and a quaternary winding; a first semiconductor switch connected in series to the primary winding; the first semiconductor switch and the primary winding constituting a first series circuit; the rectifier being connected in parallel to the first series circuit; an electrolytic capacitor connected in parallel to the first series circuit; a smoothing and rectifying circuit connected to the secondary winding to deliver DC electric power to a load by the switching-on and -off of the first semiconductor switch; a diode connected in series to the quaternary winding; the diode and the quaternary winding constituting a second series circuit connected in series to the electrolytic capacitor; a second semiconductor switch connected in series to the tertiary winding; the second semiconductor switch and the tertiary winding constituting a third series circuit connected in parallel to the electrolytic capacitor.

Since the quaternary winding discharges through the diode, the electrolytic capacitor, the rectifier and the AC power supply, an input current flows even when the input voltage is lower than the voltage of the electrolytic capacitor. As a result, the conduction angle is widened and, therefore, the power factor is improved. Since the input voltage and the voltage generated across the quaternary winding are applied to the electrolytic capacitor, the electrolytic capacitor is charged up by the voltage higher than the peak value of the input voltage.

Current flows in the circuit even when the sum of the voltage of the AC power supply and the voltage across the quaternary winding is less than the voltage across the electrolytic capacitor. Although the electrolytic capacitor is not charged, a current flows through the series circuit consisting of the primary winding and the first semiconductor switch, since the series circuit is connected directly to the rectifier. As a result, the conduction angle is widened.

According to a sixth aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a DC power supply; a transformer including a primary winding; a main semiconductor switch; the primary winding and the main semiconductor switch constituting a first series circuit connected in series to the DC power supply; a second series circuit including a resonance capacitor, resonance reactor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch, the second series circuit being connected in parallel to the main semiconductor switch to switch on and off only the auxiliary semiconductor switch when the output electric power of the switching power supply is low including in the waiting mode of operation.

Advantageously, the transformer further includes a tertiary winding substituting for the resonance inductance.

According to a seventh aspect of the invention, there is provided a switching power supply that includes a main power supply for supplying electric power for driving a load- the main power supply including a DC power supply, a first transformer including a first primary winding, a first semiconductor switch, the first primary winding and the first semiconductor switch constituting a first series circuit connected in series to the DC power supply, and a first integrated circuit, connected to the first semiconductor switch, for driving and for controlling the first semiconductor switch; and a sub power supply for supplying electric power in the waiting mode of operation; the sub power supply including the DC power supply, a second transformer including a second primary winding, a second semiconductor switch, the second primary winding and the second semiconductor switch constituting a second series circuit connected in series to the DC power supply, and a second integrated circuit, connected to the second semiconductor switch, for driving and for controlling the second semiconductor switch; the first semiconductor switch, the first integrated circuit, the second semiconductor switch and the second integrated circuit being integrated and mounted on a common package.

Advantageously, either one or both of the main power supply and the sub power supply include either one of the switching power supply devices described above.

Advantageously, the integrated circuits for driving and for controlling the first and second semiconductor switches are integrated into a common control IC.

According to an embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply adapted for use with an input DC power supply comprising: an input reactor, a transformer having at least a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the transformer connected to the DC power supply through the input reactor, a rectifying and smoothing circuit connected to the secondary winding of the transformer, a main semiconductor switch connected in series with the primary winding, a first diode connected in opposite parallel with the main semiconductor switch, a snubber capacitor connected in parallel with the main semiconductor switch, a series circuit including a resonance component and an auxiliary semiconductor switch connected in parallel with the main semiconductor switch, the series circuit being effective to discharge an electric charge of the snubber capacitor, and a second diode connected in opposite parallel with the auxiliary semiconductor switch.

According to another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply adapted for use with an input DC power supply comprising: an input reactor, a transformer having at least a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the transformer connected to the DC power supply through the input reactor, a rectifying and smoothing circuit connected to the secondary winding of the transformer, a main semiconductor switch connected in series with the primary winding, a first diode connected in opposite parallel with the main semiconductor switch, a series circuit including a capacitor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch, the series circuit connected in parallel with the primary winding and the main semiconductor switch, a second diode connected in opposite parallel with the auxiliary semiconductor switch, and a third diode interposed between the primary winding and the auxiliary semiconductor switch.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply comprising: a rectifier effective to convert an AC voltage to a DC voltage, a transformer having at least a primary winding, a secondary winding and a tertiary winding, a semiconductor switch connected in series with the primary winding, the primary winding connected to the rectifier through the tertiary winding, an electrolytic capacitor connected in parallel with the semiconductor switch and the primary winding, a smoothing and rectifying circuit connected to the secondary winding, the smoothing and rectifying circuit being effective to deliver DC electric power to a load, the semiconductor switch being effective to regulate the DC electric power when the semiconductor switch is switched ON and OFF, and a high-speed reverse-recovery diode interposed between the tertiary winding and a connection point of the electrolytic capacitor and the primary winding.

According to still another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply comprising: a rectifier effective to convert an AC voltage to a DC voltage, a transformer having at least a primary winding, a secondary winding, a tertiary winding and a quaternary winding, a first semiconductor switch connected in series with the primary winding, the rectifier being connected in parallel with the first semiconductor switch and the primary winding, a smoothing and rectifying circuit connected to the secondary winding, the smoothing and rectifying circuit being effective to deliver DC electric power to a load, the semiconductor switch being effective to regulate the DC electric power when the semiconductor switch is switched ON and OFF, a first series circuit including the quaternary winding, a diode and an electrolytic capacitor, the first series circuit connected in parallel with the first semiconductor switch and the primary winding, a second semiconductor switch connected in series with the tertiary winding, and the second semiconductor switch and the tertiary winding connected in parallel with the electrolytic capacitor.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply adapted for use with an input DC power supply comprising: a transformer having at least a primary winding and a secondary winding, a main semiconductor switch connected in series with the primary winding, the primary winding connected to the DC power supply, a smoothing and rectifying circuit connected to the secondary winding, the smoothing and rectifying circuit being effective to deliver DC electric power to a load, a series circuit including a resonance capacitor, a resonance reactor and an auxiliary semiconductor switch, the series circuit connected in parallel with the main semiconductor switch, the main semiconductor switch being switched OFF when the switching power supply drives a light load substantially smaller than a rated load, and the auxiliary semiconductor switch being effective to regulate the light load when the auxiliary semiconductor switch is switched ON and OFF.

According to another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a switching power supply adapted for use with an input DC power supply comprising: a main power supply effective to supply electric power to a rated load, the main power supply including a first transformer, the first transformer having at least a first primary winding, the at least first primary winding connected to the DC power supply, a first semiconductor switch connected to the at least first primary winding, a first integrated circuit connected to the first semiconductor switch effective to drive and control the first semiconductor switch, a sub power supply effective to supply electric power to a load substantially smaller than the rated load, the sub power supply including a second transformer, the second transformer having at least a second primary winding, the at least second primary winding connected to the DC power supply, a second semiconductor switch connected in series with the at least second primary winding and a second integrated circuit connected to the second semiconductor switch effective to drive and control the second semiconductor switch.

The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate the same elements.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a first embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a time chart for explaining the operation of the switching power supply of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a third embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a sixth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a seventh embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to an eighth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a ninth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a tenth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to an eleventh embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a twelfth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a thirteenth embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram of a general switching power supply for driving a light load as well as for driving a rated load.

FIG. 16(a) is a top plan view of a power IC of FIG. 15.

FIG. 16(b) is another top plan view of another power IC of FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a top plan view of a power IC package according to the invention.

FIG. 18 is another top plan view of another power IC package according to the invention.

FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram of a conventional fly-back-type switching power supply.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Referring now to FIG. 1, an input reactor L1 is connected to a DC power supply DC. A primary winding N1 and a tertiary winding N3 of a transformer Tr and a main switch Q1 are connected in series to input reactor L1. A diode D1 is connected in parallel across main switch Q1 so that current flows only in an opposite direction to that of main switch Q1. A snubber capacitor Cs is also connected in parallel with the main switch Q1. A series circuit consisting of a resonance capacitor C2, a resonance reactor L2 and an auxiliary switch Q2 is connected in parallel with snubber capacitor Cs. A diode D2 is connected in parallel with auxiliary switch Q2, so that current flows in a direction opposite to the current flow in auxiliary switch Q2. A diode D3 is connected between auxiliary switch Q2 and the connection point of primary winding N1 and tertiary winding N3. A series combination of capacitor C1 and diode D3 is connected in parallel with primary winding N1.

Referring now to FIG. 2, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1 being switched ON. When auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON also engages a first resonance series of resonance capacitor C2, resonance reactor L2, and snubber capacitor Cs. A resonance circuit is completed through auxiliary switch Q2. The voltage across auxiliary switch Q2 drops to zero, and the current through auxiliary switch Q2 increases very slowly as the current through snubber capacitor Cs drops to zero. The low current allows auxiliary switch Q2 to execute zero-current switching.

When the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero, main switch Q1 is switched ON, thus achieving zero-voltage switching. As main switch Q1 switches ON, a second resonance series of resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2 is engaged. A resonance circuit is completed by main switch Q1 and diode D2. When current flows through diode D2, the voltage across auxiliary switch Q2 is zero. Auxiliary switch Q2 is then switched OFF and achieves zero voltage switching.

Since the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero when auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, main switch Q1 achieves zero-voltage switching when it is switched OFF. When main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs rises gradually to a steady value. Furthermore, switching main switch Q1 OFF regenerates the charge in capacitor C1 from the electric charge stored in resonance capacitor C2. Capacitor C1 is further recharged by the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the primary winding N1 via diode D3.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a second embodiment of the invention is shown. The circuit of FIG. 3 is similar to that of FIG. 1, except for the absence of resonance capacitor C2. Also in FIG. 3, resonance reactor L2 is directly connected to auxiliary switch Q2.

The circuit of FIG. 3 functions similarly to that of the above described circuit of FIG. 1. Auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1, forming a resonance circuit with the resonance series of snubber capacitor Cs and resonance reactor L2. When switched ON, auxiliary switch Q2 has very little current flowing through it and is thus able to achieve zero-current switching.

Main switch Q1 achieves zero-voltage switching by being switched ON when the voltage across snubber capacitor is zero. When auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, the voltage of snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero. Switching main switch Q1 ON keeps the voltage of snubber capacitor Cs at zero. When main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs gradually rises to a steady value. Thus when it is switched OFF, main switch Q1 achieves zero-voltage switching. Furthermore, when main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the energy stored in the leakage inductance of primary winding N1 is regenerated to capacitor C1 via diode D3.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a third embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, tertiary winding N3 of FIG. 1 is replaced with a reactor L3. As with the circuit of FIG. 1, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1. Auxiliary switch Q2 makes a resonance circuit which includes the resonance series of snubber capacitor Cs, resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2. Very little current flows through the resonance series prior to auxiliary switch Q2 switching ON, which achieves zero-current switching.

The circuit of FIG. 4 otherwise operates in the same manner as that of FIG. 1 and a duplicated explanation is therefore omitted. The replacement of tertiary winding NB in FIG. 3 with reactor L3 does not otherwise alter the operability of the circuit.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a fourth embodiment ofthe invention is shown. In this embodiment, diode D3 of FIG. 1 is omitted and tertiary winding N3 is short-circuited to provide primary winding N1 with further windings in transformer Tr. As with the circuit of FIG. 1, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1. When auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON provides a resonance circuit that includes first resonance series of snubber capacitor Cs, resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2. Very little current flows through the resonance series prior to auxiliary switch Q2 switching ON, which achieves zero-current switching.

When the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero, main switch Q1 is switched ON, thus achieving zero-voltage switching. As main switch Q1 switches ON, a second resonance series of resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2 is engaged. A resonance circuit is completed by main switch Q1 and diode D2. When current flows through diode D2, the voltage across auxiliary switch Q2 is zero. Auxiliary switch Q2 therefore achieves zero-voltage switching upon being switched OFF.

The voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero when auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, and remains zero during the period when main switch Q1 is switched ON. When main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs is still zero, thus achieving zero-voltage switching. Once main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage of snubber capacitor Cs rises gradually to a steady value. Furthermore, switching main switch Q1 OFF regenerates the charge in capacitor C1 from the electric charge stored in resonance capacitor C2.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a fifth embodiment of the invention is shown. A DC input is connected in series to a main switch Q1 and a primary winding N1 of a transformer Tr. A diode D1 is connected in parallel across main switch Q1 so that current flows through diode D1 only in a direction opposite to that of main switch Q1. A snubber capacitor Cs is connected in parallel with main switch Q1. A series circuit consisting of a resonance capacitor C2, a resonance reactor L2 and an auxiliary switch Q2 is connected in parallel with the snubber capacitor Cs. A diode D2 is connected in parallel across auxiliary switch Q2 so that current flows only in an opposite direction to that of main switch Q1.

As with the circuit of FIG. 1, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1. When auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON provides a resonance circuit that includes first resonance series of snubber capacitor Cs, resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2. Very little current flows through the resonance series prior to auxiliary switch Q2 switching ON, which achieves zero-current switching.

When the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero, main switch Q1 is switched ON, thus achieving zero-voltage switching. As main switch Q1 switches ON, a second resonance series of resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2 is engaged. A resonance circuit is completed by main switch Q1 and diode D2. When current flows through diode D2, the voltage across auxiliary switch Q2 is zero. Auxiliary switch Q2 therefore achieves zero-voltage switching upon being switched OFF.

The voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero when auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, and remains zero during the period when main switch Q1 is switched ON. When main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs is still zero, thus achieving zero-voltage switching. Once main switch Q1 is switched OFF, the voltage of snubber capacitor Cs rises gradually to a steady value.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a sixth embodiment of the invention is shown. In this embodiment, input reactor L1 of FIG. 1 is replaced by a quaternary winding N4 of a transformer Tr.

As with the circuit of FIG. 1, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1. When auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, the voltage across snubber capacitor Cs decays to zero. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON provides a resonance circuit that includes first resonance series of snubber capacitor Cs, resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L2. Very little current flows through the resonance series prior to auxiliary switch Q2 switching ON, which achieves zero-current switching.

The circuit of FIG. 7 otherwise operates in the same manner as that of FIG. 1 and a duplicated explanation is therefore omitted. Moreover, the replacement of input reactor L1 with quaternary winding N4 in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 does not otherwise alter the operability of the circuit.

The following embodiments focus on providing a switching power supply that exhibits a high power factor.

Referring now to FIG. 8, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a seventh embodiment of the invention is shown. A pulsed DC input is connected to an input reactor L1. A series circuit consisting of a primary winding N1 of a transformer Tr and a main switch Q1 is connected in series to the input reactor L1. A diode D1 is connected in parallel across main switch Q1 so that current flows through diode D1 only in a direction opposite to that of main switch Q1. A series circuit consisting of a capacitor C1 and an auxiliary switch Q2 is connected in parallel with the series circuit of primary winding N1 and main switch Q1. A diode D2 is connected in parallel across auxiliary switch Q2 so that current flows through diode D2 only in a direction opposite to that of auxiliary switch Q1. A diode D3 is connected between auxiliary switch Q2 and the connection point of primary winding N1 and main switch Q1.

The switching power supply operates by first switching ON main switch Q1 to provide an input current flow. Switching main switch Q1 ON improves the power factor of the power supply because input current flows even with low input voltage. When main switch Q1 is switched OFF, a portion of the excitation energy within transformer Tr is stored in capacitor C1 which is connected in parallel with primary winding N1 of transformer Tr through diode D3 .

Auxiliary switch Q2 is then switched ON, causing the energy stored in capacitor C1 to be transferred to input reactor L1 through a rectifier Rec. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 OFF then causes the energy stored in input reactor L1 to be transferred to the transformer Tr. The result is that the energy stored in capacitor C1 is fed to the load.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention is shown. This embodiment is substantially the same as that of FIG. 8, except that input reactor L1 in FIG. 8 is replaced with a tertiary winding N3 of transformer Tr. The operation of the switching power supply of FIG. 9 is substantially the same as that of the switching power supply of FIG. 8 and an explanation will therefore be omitted for the sake of simplicity.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention is shown. This embodiment is substantially the same as that of FIG. 8, except that input reactor L1 in FIG. 8 is omitted. A tertiary winding N3 of a transformer Tr is connected between a capacitor C1 and an auxiliary switch Q2. The operation of the circuit is otherwise substantially the same as that of the switching power supply of FIG. 8 and an explanation will therefore be omitted for the sake of brevity.

The embodiments ofthe present invention presented to this point represent switching power supplies with fly-back-type power converters. As explained below, the present invention is also applicable to switching power supplies with fly-forward-type power converters.

Referring now to FIG. 11, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, a high-speed reverse-recovery diode D2 is connected in series between a tertiary winding N3 and a primary winding N1 of a transformer Tr. Tertiary winding N3 is connected in series to a rectifier Rec that rectifies an input AC voltage to a pulsed DC voltage. An electrolytic capacitor C1 is connected between primary winding N1 and the common connection of rectifier Rec. A semiconductor switch Q1 is connected in series with primary winding N1. A diode D1 is connected in parallel with semiconductor switch Q1 so that current flows through diode D1 only in a direction opposite to that of semiconductor switch Q1.

The circuit of FIG. 11 operates by first switching ON semiconductor switch Q1. When semiconductor switch Q1 is switched ON, a voltage is generated across tertiary winding N3 in opposite polarity to diode D2. The opposite polarity voltage causes diode D2 to be reversed biased. Since the reverse recovery of diode D2 occurs at high speed, the current is quickly interrupted and no current flows through rectifier Rec. The characteristic of high speed current interruption provided by diode D2 makes it unnecessary to specify that rectifier Rec have highspeed reverse-recovery performance. Rectifier Rec can then be constructed from conventional low-speed diodes, thus significantly reducing the manufacturing costs associated with the switching power supply.

Referring now to FIG. 12, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to an eleventh embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, a semiconductor switch Q1 is connected in series to a primary winding N1 of a transformer Tr. A diode D1 is connected in parallel across semiconductor switch Q1 so that current flows through diode D1 only in a direction opposite to that of semiconductor switch Q1. A series circuit consisting of a quaternary winding N4 of transformer Tr, a diode D3 and an electrolytic capacitor C1 is connected between primary winding N1 and a common connection of rectifier Rec. A series circuit consisting of a tertiary winding N3 of the transformer Tr and a semiconductor switch Q2 is connected in parallel with the electrolytic capacitor C1. A diode D2 is connected in parallel across second semiconductor switch Q2 so that current flows through diode D2 only in a direction opposite to that of semiconductor switch Q2.

Semiconductor switch Q1 provides a portion of the control of the operation of the switching power supply. When semiconductor switch Q1 is switched ON, energy is stored in primary winding N1 of transformer Tr. As energy is stored in primary winding N1, a voltage is generated across quaternary winding N4 of transformer Tr. The voltage across quaternary winding N4 has a polarity that is positive towards the connection to rectifier Rec and negative towards the connection to electrolytic capacitor C1. This voltage across quaternary winding N4 prevents electrolytic capacitor C1 from being charged up.

Switching semiconductor switch Q1 OFF causes the energy stored in primary winding N1 to be transferred to secondary winding N2 and quaternary winding N4 of transformer Tr. Energy transferred to secondary winding N2 is fed to the load through a rectifier Rec1. As energy is transferred from primary winding N1, a voltage is generated across quaternary winding N4. The polarity of the voltage across quaternary winding N4 is negative towards the connection to rectifier Rec and positive towards the connection to electrolytic capacitor C1. This voltage across quaternary winding N4 feeds energy through diode D3 to charge electrolytic capacitor C1.

Semiconductor switch Q2 provides another portion of the control of the operation of the switching power supply. When semiconductor switch Q2 is switched ON, electrolytic capacitor C1 is discharged through tertiary winding N3. The discharging current stores energy tertiary winding N3 of transformer Tr. As energy is stored in tertiary winding N3, a voltage is generated across quaternary winding N4 of the transformer Tr. The polarity of the voltage across quaternary winding N4 is positive towards the connection to rectifier Rec and negative towards the connection to electrolytic capacitor C1. This voltage across quaternary winding N4 prevents electrolytic capacitor C1 from being charged.

Switching semiconductor switch Q2 OFF causes the energy stored in tertiary winding N3 to be transferred to secondary winding N2 and quaternary winding N4 of transformer Tr. The energy transferred to secondary winding N2 is fed to the load through rectifier Rec1. As energy is transferred from tertiary winding N3, a voltage is generated across quaternary winding N4. The polarity of the voltage across quaternary winding N4 is negative towards the connection to rectifier Rec and positive towards the connection to electrolytic capacitor C1. This voltage across quaternary winding N4 feeds energy through diode D3 to charge electrolytic capacitor C1.

In the above described circuit operation, quaternary winding N4 discharges either by switching semiconductor switch Q1 or semiconductor switch Q2. An input current therefore flows through the path connecting quaternary winding N4, diode D3, electrolytic capacitor C1, rectifier Rec and alternating power supply AC, even when the input voltage is lower than that of electrolytic capacitor C1. The uninterrupted current flow widens the conduction angle and improves the power factor.

The operation of the above described circuit provides a voltage sum applied to capacitor C1. The voltage across quaternary winding N4 and the input voltage combine during specific intervals to apply a charge voltage to capacitor C1. This voltage charges capacitor C1 to a value that is greater than the peak value of the input voltage.

The voltage of power supply AC drops during specific intervals to the point where the sum of the voltage of power supply AC and quaternary winding N4 is less than the voltage of the electrolytic capacitor C1. When the combined voltage of power supply AC and quaternary winding N4 reaches falls to this point, electrolytic capacitor C1 is not charged. During the interval when electrolytic capacitor C1 is not charged, a current still flows through the series circuit consisting of primary winding N1 and semiconductor switch Q1. The current flows through rectifier Rec and widens the conduction angle, thus improving the power factor of the circuit.

In the above described circuit operation, semiconductor switch Q1 and semiconductor switch Q2 have been described as operating independent of each other. It should be recognized that the circuit also operates properly when semiconductor switches Q1, Q2 are switched simultaneously or in sequence.

Television sets and other similar portable devices generally have a so-called waiting mode when operating normally. In this waiting mode the load on the power supply from the device is about {fraction (1/100)}as great as the rated load of the device. Under this type of light-load condition the conversion efficiency of the power supply is greatly diminished. This loss of efficiency is particularly notable when the electric power to the device is regulated by a conventional switching power supply as shown in FIG. 19.

The loss of efficiency is related to the switches being driven for the rated load, which produces electric power much too great for the light load. Moreover, the transformer is energized with a rectangular wave that is shaped to deliver power for the rated load. The shape of the energizing wave produces a high peak current in a short interval. Thus, when the load on the transformer lightens, energy within the transformer is dispersed through high copper losses.

Furthermore, the loss of efficiency due to high driving power and copper losses results in the battery of the portable device being rapidly consumed. The operational life of the portable device is therefore shortened. The shortened operating life presents further difficulties in meeting power consumption regulations.

Referring now to FIG. 13, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a twelfth embodiment of the present invention is shown that facilitates obviating the foregoing problems. In this embodiment, a series circuit consisting of a resonance reactor L1, a resonance capacitor C2 and an auxiliary switch Q2 is connected in parallel with a main switch Q1. Auxiliary switch Q2 is rated at a value which is about {fraction (1/10)}as high as that of main switch Q1.

The switching power supply of FIG. 13 operates by storing energy in a transformer Tr when main switch Q1 is switched ON. A snubber capacitor Cs connected in parallel with main switch Q1 is charged when the circuit operates and auxiliary switch Q2 is switched OFF. Auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON in advance of main switch Q1 being switched ON. Switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON causes the electric charge in snubber capacitor Cs to be discharged through resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L1. Once the voltage of snubber capacitor Cs has fallen to zero, main switch Q1 is switched ON. Switching main switch Q1 ON while snubber capacitor Cs is discharged achieves zero-voltage switching with main switch Q1.

When the power supply is operating under light-load conditions such as, for example, in waiting mode, auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON while main switch Q1 is switched OFF. When only auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON, a current flows through the series circuit consisting of primary winding N1, resonance capacitor C2 and resonance reactor L1. Due to the presence of resonance capacitor C2, the load is driven only with current flowing through the resonance series circuit and auxiliary switch Q2. When this current drives the load, the voltage of primary winding N1 decreases as the voltage of resonance capacitor C2 increases. When the voltage of resonance capacitor C2 exceeds the input voltage, the voltage of primary winding N1 reverses polarity and current flows in through primary winding N1 in an opposite direction. The current through primary winding N1 supplies a voltage across secondary winding N2. The voltage across secondary winding N2 increases until it exceeds an output voltage Vo. When the voltage of secondary winding N2 exceeds output voltage Vo, a diode D1 becomes forward biased and transfers the energy stored in secondary winding N2 to the load.

When a rated load is driven, main switch Q1 is ON and the input voltage is applied directly to primary winding N1 of transformer Tr. The current that flows through primary winding N1 in this instance has a triangular wave form.

When a light load is driven, only auxiliary switch Q2 is switched ON. The current in this instance is suppressed to a value determined by the impedance of resonance capacitor C2, resonance reactor L1 and the excitation inductance of transformer Tr. In this configuration, resonance capacitor C2 is selected to have a capacitance corresponding to the rating of the light load. The smaller capacitance of resonance capacitor C2 reduces the current through transformer Tr, so that the peak value of the current is less than the peak value of the triangular wave form of the rated current. A lower peak value for the current reduces losses in transformer Tr and conduction losses in switches Q1, Q2. Since the rating of auxiliary switch Q2 is approximately {fraction (1/10)}of that of main switch Q1, the electric power that drives the light load is suppressed to approximately {fraction (1/10)}of the electric power that drives the rated load.

Referring now to FIG. 14, a circuit diagram of a switching power supply according to a thirteenth embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, resonance reactor L1 of FIG. 13 is replaced by a tertiary winding N3 of a transformer Tr.

The circuit of FIG. 14 operates in substantially the same manner as the circuit of FIG. 13. The main difference is that switching auxiliary switch Q2 ON connects primary winding N1 in series with tertiary winding N3. The excitation inductance of tertiary winding N3 is proportional to the square of the number of turns of the winding. The excitation inductance of tertiary winding N3 is made very large by adding only a few turns to primary winding N1 of transformer Tr. The high excitation inductance of tertiary winding N3 achieves a lower peak value for the current through transformer Tr. In addition, resonance reactor L1 is a constituent element of the circuit in FIG. 13. Replacing resonance reactor L1 with tertiary winding N3 reduces the number of constituent elements, while still providing the capability of efficiently driving a light load.

Although the switching power supply of FIGS. 13 or 14 are described driving the rated load and the light load (in the waiting mode of operation) with the same circuit, two separate circuits are usually used to drive the rated load and the light load, respectively.

Referring now to FIG. 15, a circuit diagram of a general switching power supply for driving a light load and a rated load is shown. In this embodiment, the switching power supply includes a main power supply and a sub power supply. The main power supply includes capacitors C1, C3 and C4, a transformer Tr1, a power integrated circuit (“power IC”) IC1 and diodes D5, D6. The sub power supply includes capacitors C5, C11, a transformer Tr2, a power IC IC2 and a diode D7. Power ICIC1 includes a MOSFET Q1 and a control integrated circuit (“control IC”) IC11. Power IC IC2 includes a MOSFET Q11 and a control IC IC21.

When a load (not shown) is driven, DC power is fed to a main circuit power supply that includes diode D5 and capacitor C3, and to a CPU power supply that includes diode D6 and capacitor C4. The DC power is generated by switching MOSFET Q1 ON and OFF such that an AC voltage is applied to transformer Tr1. Control IC IC11 adjusts the main circuit power supply to a specific value by detecting and comparing the output voltage with a reference voltage. The results of the comparison are used to regulate the ON-OFF time ratio of MOSFET Q1.

When driving a light load in the waiting mode of operation, MOSFET Q11 is switched ON and OFF and MOSFET Q1 is not driven. Switching MOSFET Q11 ON and OFF applies an AC voltage to transformer Tr2 which in turn supplies DC power to only the CPU power supply. In this configuration, DC power provided through diode D7 and capacitor C5 is fed only to the CPU power supply. Control IC IC21 adjusts the CPU power supply to a specific value by detecting and comparing the output voltage with a reference voltage. The results of the comparison are used to regulate the ON-OFF time ratio of MOSFET Q11. In this configuration the consumed power is reduced to several watts which provides compliance with various energy regulations.

Referring now to FIGS. 16(a)-(b), top plan views of power IC IC1 and IC2 are shown. Each power IC package includes a chip that has an insulative substrate on which a copper pattern is formed. The chip must be electrically isolated from a terminal and from a casing to function properly. This requirement increases the size of the respective power ICs and also adds to their cost.

Referring now to FIG. 17, a top plan view of a power IC package according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. This embodiment obviates the above described problems inherent in the individual power IC packages.

The IC package according to the present invention mounts the structure of power ICs IC1 and IC2 on a common insulative substrate. The common mounting reduces the total area needed to realize the power IC and thus reduces the total cost of the power ICs IC1 and IC2.

Referring now to FIG. 18, a top plan view of another power IC package according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, the functions of the control ICs IC1 and IC2 are integrated into a single control IC. This integration is possible because control ICs IC1 and IC2 have almost the same structure and finction.

Integration of various switching power supply devices is not limited to that described in connection with the general switching power supply illustrated in FIG. 15. The various switching power supplies shown and described in FIGS. 1 through 14 may also be integrated and achieve equivalent efficiencies in cost and size. When any of the various switching power supplies described in FIGS. 1 through 15 must handle a light load associated with the waiting mode of operation, control ICs may be used in place of main and auxiliary switches. Alternatively, a control IC may be used that has common main and auxiliary switches disposed thereon.

The following are some examples of the advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention.

Since zero-voltage switching and zero-current switching are obtained, the switching loss is reduced.

Since dv/dt during switching is small, noise is reduced.

The switching power supply according to the invention is adaptable to TV sets and display devices that synchronize the switching frequency with the deflection frequency.

The power factor is improved and noise is reduced. Moreover, the output voltage is easily compensated, since the energy stored in the primary side capacitor is fed to the load at instantaneous service interruption.

The manufacturing costs of the switching power supply are reduced, since a high-speed reverse-recovery diode is used on the primary side of the transformer and, therefore, general low-speed diodes are satisfactorily employable to the rectifier.

The power factor is improved, since the input current is made flow as far as the switching power supply is operating. And, the output voltage is compensated easily at instantaneous service interruption, since it is possible for the voltage of the electrolytic capacitor to exceed the peak value of the input voltage.

The switching power supply may be used for a longer period of time, since the driving electric power in the waiting mode is small due to the small rated values of the auxiliary switch and, therefore, the power consumption is reduced. Therefore, it is possible to meet the power consumption regulations for the TV sets and such instruments.

It is not necessary to install any additional switching power supply, the rated values thereof are {fraction (1/100)}as large as those of the main switching power supply. Therefore, a small, light-weight and low cost switching power supply is obtained.

The number of the packaging parts such as an insulative substrate is reduced, the dimensions of the package are minimized and the costs of the switching power supply are reduced, since the switch for the main power supply, the control IC for controlling the switch for the main power supply, the switch for the sub power supply and the control IC for controlling the switch for the sub power supply are installed on a common package. Moreover, the common control IC that controls the switches for the main power supply and the sub power supply facilitates further down-sizing and cost reduction.

Having described preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A switching power supply adapted for use with an input DC power supply comprising: a main power supply effective to supply electric power to a rated load; said main power supply including a first transformer; said first transformer having at least a first primary winding; said at least first primary winding connected to said DC power supply; a first semiconductor switch connected to said at least first primary winding; a first integrated circuit connected to said first semiconductor switch effective to drive and control said first semiconductor switch; a sub power supply effective to supply electric power to a light load substantially smaller than said rated load; said sub power supply including a second transformer; said second transformer having at least a second primary winding; said at least second primary winding connected to said DC power supply; a second semiconductor switch connected in series with said at least second primary winding; a second integrated circuit connected to said second semiconductor switch effective to drive and control said second semiconductor switch; and wherein said second semiconductor switch is switched ON and OFF and said first semiconductor switch is not driven in a waiting mode of operation.
 2. A switching power supply according to claim 1, further comprising: said first transformer having a first secondary winding and a second secondary winding; a first rectifying diode through which said first secondary winding being connecting connected to said rated load; a second rectifying diode through which said second secondary winding being connected to said light load; said second transformer having a third secondary winding; and a third rectifying diode through which said third secondary winding being connected to said light load. 